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now for all the attention that's paid to

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science work done by human crew members

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there is a good bit of science research

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being conducted by instruments located

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on the outside of the international

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space station the hyperspectral imager

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for the coastal oceans has been

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gathering data for nearly five years

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about the conditions of ocean waters all

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over the world

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this morning we're going to learn more

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about it from mary kappas the hico

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facility manager who joins us from her

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office at the naval research laboratory

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in washington d.c

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mary for starters tell me about the

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hardware itself and

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when was it launched and where on the

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station is it located

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okay

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hico is a hyperspectral imager which is

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made up of a camera that is the focal

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plane that records the data

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four optics for collecting the light and

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a spectrometer for dispersing the

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broadband incoming light into separate

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wavelength bins

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hico was built as a demonstration

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project under the navy's innovative

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naval prototype program and so it had to

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incorporate innovative cost

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effectiveness and project acceleration

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methods

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to do that nrl designed hico based on

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decades of airborne hyperspectral

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experience that was focused on coastal

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oceans and they incorporated commercial

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off-the-shelf parts for most of the

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system

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we designed hico to capture the

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complexities subtleties and scale of

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ocean coastal dynamics

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heiko was built in 18 months and

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launched in september 2009 it's on the

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japanese exposed module the gem

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and it's in an enclosure that provides

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protection during iss maneuvers and a

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quite dark place for acquiring dark

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scenes needed for calibration

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there's a commercial off-the-shelf

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rotation stage also that allows heiko to

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aim side to side

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now for those of us who are scientists

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what is hyperspectral

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mean

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incoming light into separate wavelengths

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in lots of separate narrow contiguous

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bands

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the operative concept is separating the

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wavelengths so the term hyperspectral

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doesn't specify the range of wavelengths

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because that's different for different

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kinds of sensors

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now for heiko the incoming light source

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is the sun

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which covers lots of wavelengths in one

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broadband and hico records just the

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visible especially the blue through the

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near infrared specifically it goes from

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350 nanometers out to 1080 nanometers in

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128 bands that are 5.7 nanometers wide

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which is fine enough

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to resolve features of optically active

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substances in water

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now for one spot that

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that'd be one pixel in a collected image

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you can look at a spectrum

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that shows how light is reflected or

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absorbed at each wavelength and

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different materials absorb or reflect

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light differently based on their

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chemical composition particle size and

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shape etc so we're doing spectroscopy

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like chemists do in the lab only our

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samples aren't neatly prepared and all

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in one type we can tell whether there's

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a high concentration of phytoplankton or

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suspended sediments or other water

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constituents and these elements are

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indicative of the health of ocean

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ecosystems or visibility in the water or

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the dynamics of flows and is that your

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your specific target phytoplanktons

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um that's that's one of the things it's

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overall what are the what's the

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constituents of the water and we look at

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optical properties and then we convert

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that into physical properties like

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phytoplankton suspended sediments

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dissolved organic matter etc and that in

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turn can be

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converted to look at what is the

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visibility or the water depth for

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example and what is the value of doing

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this test from orbit instead of going

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down to the waterfront and and taking a

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water sample and testing it

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so

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well in addition to the the spectrum for

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each pixel we get a whole spatial array

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our our image size is 50 kilometers by

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200 kilometers so in each scene we we

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basically have a three-dimensional image

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cube so the spectra tell us about the

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material composition and the spatial

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display

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shows the pattern of that composition so

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in the coastal oceans

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that allows us to see how high

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concentrations of some component let's

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say suspended sediment

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relates to the outflows from rivers

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um the shape of the coastline etc

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so now really what that does is the

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spaceborne location gives you this

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spatial extent

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while your boat samples is very

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localized

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so that spaceborne sensor allows you to

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do repeat visits without having to stay

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on site in a boat

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but i think i should point out that

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these two approaches work best together

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we need that in-situ sampling to

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calibrate and confirm the hyperspectral

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measurements which is really the case

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for any remotely sensed measurement

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heiko met all its goals within the first

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year

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the first image transmitted to earth was

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a good clean image

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and since then we've constantly worked

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to improve our calibration and we engage

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scientists throughout academia to work

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with the data and to help advance the

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processing and conduct useful scientific

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studies

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if you want some examples um researchers

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have used hico to map

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the contents of the water and the bottom

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in areas in the bahamas and australia

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they mapped out bottom depth bottom

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types such as different types of sand

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and seagrass and water constituents such

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as chlorophyll

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other researchers looked in san

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francisco and monterey bays to determine

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the water quality and make maps showing

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the extent and concentration of

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phytoplankton blooms and sediment plumes

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now i understand that hico is now a part

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of the international space station

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national laboratory what does that mean

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for it in in terms of day-to-day

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operation

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well it's been providing some really big

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pluses the direct tie to nasa

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enabled us to get additional data

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streams to help improve our geolocation

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accuracy and we were also able to get a

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faster data transmission rate and that

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enabled us to schedule up to two images

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per orbit and in the past we've been

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limited to one

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and another thing is that all the hico

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data is now available on nasa's ocean

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color website where researchers

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worldwide can browse and download it and

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by being co-located with traditional

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ocean color sensor data such as modis

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and viirs and so forth that encourages

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new users and multi-sensor projects

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how long do you figure hico will

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continue to operate

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well

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it can operate as long as it keeps

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working and so far the health of the

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system is very good and the other

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limitation would be the real estate on

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the iss

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so high cost lifespan depends on whether

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there's other plans for that spot and

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right now there's no immediate plans

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so we look forward to several more years

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of operation from the iss well mary

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thank you very much for for those couple

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of minutes and teaching us about what

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hico is doing there i appreciate that

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thank you for the opportunity mary

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kappas is the hico facility manager at